Non-native English Readers
     Various analyses
         of a middle-
            and high school study
       demonstrated
          that ESL students
             benefited
                from reading in Live Ink,
       showing similar degrees
          of benefit (comprehension, retention)
               as their ENL counterparts.
                                                           
 
    ESL—[English as a Second Language]
     ENL—[English as a Native Language].